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A tourbillon is an addition to the mechanics of a watch escapement. Invented in 1795 by French watchmaker Abraham-Louis Breguet. A tourbillon counters the effects of gravity by mounting the escapement and balance wheel in a rotating cage, ostensibly in order to negate the effect of gravity when the timepiece ( and thus the escapement ) is rotated. The Tourbillon is one of the most complex and difficult to make watch escapements. As such it is usually a mark of high quality workmanship and tourbillon watches often fetch high prices in auction houses and at the luxury end of the watch market.

Gravity was thought to have a very adverse effect on the accuracy of time pieces at the time of the invention of the tourbillon, particularly because pocketwatches were often less accurate than stationary clocks of the same construction. The prevailing theory amongst horologists of the time was that pocket watches suffered from the effects of gravity since they were usually carried in the same pocketed position for most of the day, which was vertical, and then held in a different position while being read. Because the movements of pocket watches and similar pieces were oriented with respect to the cases and the dials, their movements were positioned with the axes of motion perpendicular to their faces. This meant that when the timepiece was placed vertically, the axes of motion of the movements would be parallel to the ground, and thus the force of gravity. In such a position, the force of gravity would affect the motion of parts of the movement differently when the parts were in different positions (i.e., moving with gravity or moving against it), which would cause variations in the rate the movement, which in turn would affect the timepieces’ accuracy. If adjusted for one position, the rate would change when the piece was kept in a different position, such as when being held to be read or when placed on a table at night. In a tourbillon, the entire escapement assembly rotates, including the balance wheel, the escape wheel, the hairspring, and the pallet fork, in order to average out the effect of gravity in the different positions. The rate of rotation varies per design but has generally become standardized at one rotation per minute. Most tourbillons use standard Swiss lever escapements, but some have a detent escapement, and others contain novel designs, such as the Audemars piguet Millenary for example.

There are three main types of battery that are used to power watches. The most common is the silver oxide battery. They are frequently used in watches because they have a high energy to weight ratio. This means that they should last for a long period of time. Due to the silver content they can be expensive to produce which is why they are not often used for products that take larger batteries.

Lithium batteries are long-life and also relatively expensive. They are used primarily in watches that have lights or other energy draining features.

Solar cells are now becoming a popular and effective way of powering wristwatches. High-tech battery cells are fuelled by the light that reaches them through the watch face. This means that the user will never have to change the battery. Citizen’s Eco-Drive range has set the standard for the practical application of this technology. As an additional ecological bonus the batteries do not contain any of the harmful chemicals found in regular batteries.

Quartz is a kind of white oxide. Its major composition is silicon dioxide (sio2).Quartz will shock when it is placed on vibrating circuit. In certain conditions, quartz can pass its frequency to the circuit. If applying this feature to the quartz movement combining with resistors and capacitors, we can transform electrical energy into power through the quartz oscillator to produce circuit boards with mechanized equipment. In this way, we can make watch movement. It is accurate and light and can be maintained easily. However, generally speaking, the life of battery of a quartz watch is only one or two years. You need to replace battery often. In addition, the watch’s working principle is the use of quartz oscillation.  After 5 or 8 years the quartz oscillation will recess, so the accuracy will be reduced relatively. At this time you shall change your watch. But with the development of modern industry and high labor costs, using manual methods to facelift so many small parts isn’t worthy. Therefore, the factory usually asks their customers to change a new movement when quartz watch have big problem.

Mechanical watch generally can be classified into the following two types: manual winding watch and automatic watch. Their mechanical power comes from the winder in movement which can turn the gear wheel and keep the hand moving. But the way of power sources is different. If it is a manual winding watch you need to wind it with hands. The manual winding movement is thinner than the automatic movement. So the whole watch is lighter relatively. But for the automatic watch, the automatic plate in the bottom of movement swings from one side to another to drive wind. And it is thicker than the manual winding watch. The advantage of mechanical watch: By regular maintenance, you can use a very long time. But the accuracy is declined because of watches’ different quality and effect of gravity. Mechanical watch difference is usually based on the number of seconds in a day while the quartz watch is based on the monthly deviation.